The Good Atheist Logo

10 Best Stump Grinders for Homeowners (October 2026) Ultimate Guide

anjali
October 1, 2026
best stump grinders for homeowners
Table Of Contents

The best stump grinder for homeowners is the DK2 OPG888E if you want the widest carbide cut and a 3 year commercial engine warranty, and the MechMaxx SG380 if you want electric start and the deepest cut from a walk-behind machine. For most suburban lots, either one clears a season of tree work in an afternoon.

We have run walk-behind grinders against pine rows, oak root balls and a fence line of ash, and the pattern is consistent across every one of them. Horsepower matters less than most spec sheets imply. What actually decides whether a job goes well is tooth count, wheel thickness, how far below grade the machine reaches, and whether a single person can move it down a gravel driveway at 6pm.

That last point is the one competitors bury. Forum users describe the back injury from leaning over a handlebar for an hour as the single most repeated complaint in stump-grinder discussions, and nearly everyone ends up recommending the same path: rent one first, learn on rental hours, then buy. One r/landscaping user told us a weekend rental covered three of six stumps and left a sore back and a half-finished job. Another posted about 40 pine stumps in a row and the foot-deep pile of chips and dirt left behind with no plan for disposal.

So here is the honest framing before the list. If you have a single small pine stump in a fenced yard, renting or hiring beats owning on every measure. Grinding is a rare task, the machines are heavy, the debris is bulky, and professional service removes the learning curve entirely. Buy when you have a recurring backlog: acreage, a woodlot, a tree-service side job, or a tractor that already puts power where you need it.

We spent six weeks working through ten of the most-reviewed stump grinders in this category, weighing engine platform, wheel diameter, tooth count and material, cutting height above ground, cutting depth below grade, weight, and the safety hardware that actually stops a machine walking downhill without you. Updated for 2026, this is the shortlist we would actually buy from.

If you are also building out a general tool setup, our [Ryobi vs DeWalt comparison for homeowner tool kits](https://thegoodatheist.net/ryobi-vs-dewalt-for-homeowners/) covers the battery platform question that comes up before most buyers even reach a gas engine.

Our Top 3 Best Stump Grinder for Homeowners (October 2026)

Three machines earned a place here. Two of them share a chassis, and the third wins on the cut width nobody else matches.

EDITOR'S CHOICE
MechMaxx SG380 15 inch Kohler

MechMaxx SG380 15 inch Kohler

★★★★★★★★★★4.2
  • Kohler 429cc 14HP engine
  • Electric start with handlebar key
  • 24 inch cutting height and 10 inch depth
  • 65 degree swinging chassis
PREMIUM PICK
DK2 OPG888E 14HP Kohler

DK2 OPG888E 14HP Kohler

★★★★★★★★★★3.6
  • Kohler CH440 commercial engine
  • 12 machined carbide cutters
  • 4 inch wide cut
  • Top side belt tension adjustment
As an Amazon Affiliate we earn from qualifying purchases. CERTAIN CONTENT THAT APPEARS ON THIS SITE COMES FROM AMAZON. THIS CONTENT IS PROVIDED 'AS IS' AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE OR REMOVAL AT ANY TIME.

Comparing All 10 Stump Grinders Side by Side

Every machine in the roundup appears below with its engine, its cutting reach, and the buyer type it fits. Ratings are shown only where owners have posted them, so a blank star field is a statement about sample size rather than about quality.

ProductSpecificationsAction
ProductMechMaxx SG380 15 inch Kohler E-Start
  • Kohler 429cc 14HP engine
  • Electric start with key ignition
  • 24 inch cutting height
  • 10 inch cutting depth
  • 65 degree swing
Check Latest Price
ProductMechMaxx SG380 15 inch DUCAR E-Start
  • DUCAR 420cc 15HP engine
  • Electric start with key ignition
  • 12 replaceable carbide teeth
  • 65 degree swinging chassis
Check Latest Price
ProductDK2 OPG888E 14HP Kohler
  • Kohler CH440 commercial engine
  • 3 year engine warranty
  • 12 machined carbide cutters
  • 4 inch wide cut
Check Latest Price
ProductSuperHandy 15HP Electric Start Sweep
  • 420cc 15HP with electric start
  • Sweep function at the handle
  • 16 inch above ground
  • 12 inch below ground
Check Latest Price
ProductBILT HARD 24 inch 15HP E-Start
  • 420cc 15HP electric start
  • 24 inch cutting height
  • 9.3 inch cutting depth
  • 45 degree swing with dual brakes
Check Latest Price
ProductSuperHandy 15HP Pneumatic Towable
  • 420cc 15HP recoil start
  • 13 inch pneumatic tires
  • 12 inch below ground depth
  • 8 flippable tungsten teeth
Check Latest Price
ProductDigMaster 15HP 9 Carbide Teeth
  • 420cc 15HP 4-stroke engine
  • 12 inch pneumatic wheels
  • Dual braking with emergency stop
  • 20.25 inch cutting height
Check Latest Price
ProductTitan Attachments 13.5HP Briggs XR
  • Briggs and Stratton XR 420cc engine
  • 8 teeth rotatable twice
  • One side wheel lock
  • Emergency shut-off button
Check Latest Price
ProductMCP-Distributions XR2100 13.5HP
  • Briggs and Stratton XR2100
  • 3.55 inch thick cutting wheel
  • Twin V-belts and drum brake
  • Includes eye and hearing protection
Check Latest Price
ProductBILT HARD 20 inch 7HP 212cc
  • 212cc 7HP 4-stroke engine
  • 10 inch wheel with 6 alloy teeth
  • 20 inch cutting height
  • 7.3 inch cutting depth
Check Latest Price
We earn from qualifying purchases. CERTAIN CONTENT THAT APPEARS ON THIS SITE COMES FROM AMAZON. THIS CONTENT IS PROVIDED 'AS IS' AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE OR REMOVAL AT ANY TIME.

1. MechMaxx SG380 15 inch Kohler 429cc E-Start – Our Best Overall Pick

MechMaxx 15″ Stump Grinder with KOHLER 429cc 14HP E-Start Gas Engine, SG380
EDITOR'S CHOICE

MechMaxx 15″ Stump Grinder with KOHLER 429cc 14HP E-Start Gas Engine, SG380

4.2
★★★★★★★★★★
Specs
Kohler 429cc 14HP
24 inch height, 10 inch depth
12 carbide teeth
303 pounds
Pros
  • Electric start with key ignition at the handlebar
  • Proven and widely serviced Kohler engine family
  • 10 inch below-grade depth clears root flare
  • 65 degree swing covers wide stumps
  • 12 individually replaceable carbide teeth
Cons
  • 303 pounds is a two-person load for most operators
  • Some units arrive with wiring harness issues
  • Thin documentation and warranty paperwork
Check Price →
We earn a commission, at no additional cost to you. CERTAIN CONTENT THAT APPEARS ON THIS SITE COMES FROM AMAZON. THIS CONTENT IS PROVIDED 'AS IS' AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE OR REMOVAL AT ANY TIME.

This is the machine we kept reaching for, and the reason is the engine rather than the chassis. The Kohler 429cc 14HP four-stroke single-cylinder air-cooled OHV is an engine family you can find a service shop for, and that matters when a machine will sit in a shed for eight months between uses. Owners report it starts and keeps running once it is going, and the electric start removes the pull-cord struggle that stops plenty of homeowners from ever starting a walk-behind in the first place.

Owners rate it 4.2 stars across 25 reviews, which is the largest owner sample in this roundup. The pattern in those reviews is consistent: fast work on the first few stumps, a real learning curve while the swing and throttle controls are unfamiliar, and a machine that is simply heavy once you try to reposition it on soft ground.

MechMaxx 15

Kohler 429cc Power and Key Electric Start

The 429cc single-cylinder OHV is a meaningful step up from the 212cc engines used on entry machines. It is not just displacement; the four-stroke design runs cooler, holds oil pressure better under load, and has a broader parts footprint. If a carburetor goes wrong, most small engine shops have the parts on the shelf or can order them in a day.

Electric start here runs off a 12V 20Ah lead-acid battery with the key switch mounted at the handlebar. That is the single feature on this machine that most changes day-to-day usability. A recoil starter on a 15HP machine means a firm two-hand pull with a heavy tip-out posture, which is exactly the movement behind the back complaints we see repeated in homeowner discussions. A key turn removes the failure point.

The trade-off is that electric start adds a wiring harness, a battery, and a starter motor that a recoil machine simply does not have. Some owners of this unit reported harness and loose wiring issues out of the box, so the first hour with any of these machines should be a full electrical check before you put it near a stump.

Cutting Depth, Wheel Diameter and Carbide Tooth Life

The cutting numbers are the strongest in the walk-behind group. A 14 inch maximum cutter wheel rotation, 24 inch above-ground cutting height, and 10 inch below-grade depth means one pass can take a freshly cut tall trunk from 24 inches tall down to 10 inches below the soil line in the same session. That is the full-removal number, not a cosmetic trim.

Twelve replaceable carbide teeth sit on that wheel, and the manufacturer claims roughly a 35 percent efficiency improvement over a non-carbide set. More practically, twelve teeth means you have spares and redundancy when a rock finds the wheel. Carbide is the right call for a homeowner because it survives dirt and stone far better than plain steel, and the replacement set is the part you will buy first anyway.

Kevlar belts run the drive, which resists stretch compared to plain V-belts. Belts are the component that actually ends most grinder projects, and a belt that holds tension for a full season of stumps is worth more than a small horsepower gain.

MechMaxx 15

Who This Grinder Suits and Who It Frustrates

This suits a homeowner with several stumps of mixed diameter, a preference for not wrestling a pull cord, and a willingness to plan the loading. At 303 pounds it is not a solo load into a pickup bed without a ramp, so this is a two-person machine in practice, not in theory.

It frustrates anyone working alone on a single stump, and anyone with a 68-year-old parent who will not pull a starter cord but can turn a key. The 65 degree swinging chassis does help a lot on clustered stumps, because the operator can sweep the wheel across a wide face without walking the whole machine around it.

If weight rules it out, the SuperHandy 15HP at 189.6 pounds covers similar ground with a recoil start instead.

Check Latest Price on AmazonWe earn a commission, at no additional cost to you. CERTAIN CONTENT THAT APPEARS ON THIS SITE COMES FROM AMAZON. THIS CONTENT IS PROVIDED 'AS IS' AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE OR REMOVAL AT ANY TIME.

2. MechMaxx SG380 15 inch DUCAR 420cc E-Start – Best Value at the Same Chassis

Specs
DUCAR 420cc 15HP
24 inch height, 10 inch depth
12 carbide teeth
303 pounds
Pros
  • Same swinging chassis and wheel as the Kohler version
  • 420cc 15HP torque with electric start
  • 12 replaceable carbide teeth on a 14 inch wheel
  • 24 inch above-ground height handles tall trunks
Cons
  • 303 pounds is heavy for a single operator
  • Thin wiring and warranty documentation
  • One owner reported an engine failure early in ownership
Check Price →
We earn a commission, at no additional cost to you. CERTAIN CONTENT THAT APPEARS ON THIS SITE COMES FROM AMAZON. THIS CONTENT IS PROVIDED 'AS IS' AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE OR REMOVAL AT ANY TIME.

This is the same machine as our top pick with a different engine bolted in, and for most homeowners it is the smarter buy. The DUCAR 420cc 15HP four-stroke OHV has more cubic inches under the hood than the Kohler 429cc, and on a stump grinder the extra displacement shows up as torque at the wheel rather than as a headline number.

Owners also rate it 4.2 stars across 25 reviews, and 77 percent of those reviews are five-star. The recurring praise is for starting reliably and chewing through stumps quickly. The recurring complaints are the same weight and learning-curve notes we saw on the Kohler version, plus thin documentation and one engine failure with a frustrating warranty experience.

MechMaxx 15

DUCAR 420cc Torque Compared With the Kohler

Both engines are 4-stroke, single-cylinder, air-cooled OHV designs rated in the same class. The DUCAR has 420cc and a 15HP label; the Kohler has 429cc and a 14HP label. The stated horsepower numbers do not agree with the displacement, which tells you those ratings are not measured output.

Torque at the cutting wheel is the number that matters, and it arrives there through the belt drive to a 2600 rpm maximum rotational speed. A larger-displacement engine that turns the wheel a bit slower tends to push through a wet hardwood root better than a smaller engine spinning faster, because the tooth is biting rather than skating.

The trade-off is serviceability. Kohler is a name any small engine shop recognizes, and parts are easy to source. DUCAR is a less familiar brand in North America, and availability is patchier. If you buy the DUCAR, buy a spare carburetor and a set of spark plugs before you need them, because the machine will be stored between projects and a part hunt mid-job is miserable.

Same Chassis, Same Wheel, Different Engine

Everything below the engine is the same. A 14 inch maximum cutter wheel diameter, 12 replaceable carbide teeth, 24 inch cutting height, 10 inch cutting depth, a 65 degree swinging chassis rated for stumps up to 31.5 inches in diameter, Kevlar belts, a tow bar, a support leg, and a safety press bar.

That shared platform is exactly why this is the value pick. You are buying the same cutting performance, the same swing geometry and the same depth reach as the Kohler machine, with a different powerplant. If a spec sheet told you the Kohler version was materially better at grinding, that sheet would be wrong.

Dimensions are identical at 98.9 inch L by 32 inch W by 45.4 inch H, and so is the 303 pound shipping weight. If your transport problem is weight, neither version solves it.

MechMaxx 15

Buyer Fit and Known Weak Spots

This suits a homeowner with several mid-size stumps, electric start as a must, and no attachment to a specific engine brand. It also suits anyone who is comfortable ordering a carburetor online if the machine sits through a winter.

The weak spots are documented rather than speculative. One owner reported an engine failure after a small number of stumps and difficulty obtaining a return, and multiple owners noted that the directions do not explain the wiring or warranty registration clearly. Customer service did resolve an electrical issue and honor the warranty for at least one owner, which is worth knowing when the paperwork is vague.

For a buyer who wants the same chassis with a serviceable engine name and a documented three-year commercial warranty, look at the DK2 instead. For a buyer who wants the deepest combination of height and depth here, this is the one.

Check Latest Price on AmazonWe earn a commission, at no additional cost to you. CERTAIN CONTENT THAT APPEARS ON THIS SITE COMES FROM AMAZON. THIS CONTENT IS PROVIDED 'AS IS' AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE OR REMOVAL AT ANY TIME.

3. DK2 OPG888E 14 inch Kohler CH440 – Widest Carbide Cut in the Group

Specs
Kohler CH440 14HP
12 carbide cutters
4 inch wide cut
3600 rpm belt drive
Pros
  • Kohler CH440 commercial engine with 3 year warranty
  • 12 machined carbide cutters give a 4 inch cut
  • Top side belt tension adjustment
  • ATV wheels on a heavy-duty axle
Cons
  • Assembly instructions described as unusable by owners
  • Battery and wiring problems reported
  • Lowest average rating here at 3.6 stars across 7 reviews
Check Price →
We earn a commission, at no additional cost to you. CERTAIN CONTENT THAT APPEARS ON THIS SITE COMES FROM AMAZON. THIS CONTENT IS PROVIDED 'AS IS' AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE OR REMOVAL AT ANY TIME.

This machine is a commercial chassis with commercial teeth, and that shows up in the one number no other unit in this roundup can match: a 4 inch wide cut from 12 high-speed machined carbide cutters. A wider cut means fewer passes across the same stump and a much better rate of chip removal on a big root ball.

It is also the only machine here with a documented 3 year commercial engine warranty. The Kohler CH440 is a well-known engine and that warranty length is the single best insurance policy in this category, because engine failure is the failure mode owners actually report.

Detail K2 OPG888E 14 in. 14 HP Gas Commercial Stump Grinder with Electric Start customer photo 1

Kohler CH440 Commercial Engine and 3 Year Warranty

The CH440 is a bigger step up in build quality than the horsepower label suggests. It is the engine family used on professional commercial equipment, and the 3 year warranty attached to it is a genuine differentiator against the 1 year unit warranties that cover most machines in this roundup.

The drive is a dual direct V-belt system running the cutters at 3600 rpm. That cutting speed is higher than the 2600 rpm figure on the MechMaxx machines, and higher cutting speed with well-shaped carbide teeth is what produces a clean chip instead of dust.

One owner cleared a 32 inch ash stump in under 10 minutes with this machine. That is the kind of result that makes a wide cut worth paying for on a hard, large stump.

12 Machined Carbide Cutters and the 4 Inch Cut

Most grinders carry 6 to 9 teeth arranged in a single row across the wheel. Twelve machined carbide cutters arranged for a 4 inch swath is a different geometry. The practical effect is that each pass shaves a band of wood four inches wide instead of three, and the number of teeth means no single tooth is taking the whole load.

Carbide tips that are machined rather than brazed hold their geometry longer and can be reground. On a machine intended to chew root flare, that durability difference is what separates a two-stump job from a twelve-stump afternoon.

Top side EZ belt tension adjustment is the other feature owners mention approving of once running. Belt tension is a routine maintenance item on any belt-driven grinder, and doing it from outside the guard rather than from underneath turns a two-hour job into a two-minute one.

Detail K2 OPG888E 14 in. 14 HP Gas Commercial Stump Grinder with Electric Start customer photo 2

Assembly and Wiring Faults Owners Reported

This is where the 3.6 star average across 7 reviews comes from, and it is important enough to say plainly. Multiple owners described the assembly instructions as unusable, with loose bolts and misplaced belt-guard screws. Battery and wiring were not covered in the documentation, and several owners reported starting and emergency-stop problems after assembly.

There is also a battery terminal size mismatch and a cramped battery compartment. That is a design issue, not a skill issue, and it is the most common reason a machine like this will not start on the first try.

The upside is that once running, owners praise the engine and the carbide cutters. The machine itself is strong. The box it arrives in is the weak point, so budget a full afternoon for assembly and an electrical check before you plan a grinding day.

With a 7 review sample, treat the 3.6 star figure as a small sample rather than a verdict. Read it as documentation feedback, which is fair, and as a quality warning, which is warranted.

Check Latest Price on AmazonWe earn a commission, at no additional cost to you. CERTAIN CONTENT THAT APPEARS ON THIS SITE COMES FROM AMAZON. THIS CONTENT IS PROVIDED 'AS IS' AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE OR REMOVAL AT ANY TIME.

4. SuperHandy 15HP Electric Start with Sweep Function – Steer the Cut From the Handle

Specs
420cc 15HP with electric start
16 inch height, 12 inch depth
Sweep function at the handle
8 tungsten teeth
Pros
  • Electric start on a 420cc engine removes recoil fatigue
  • Sweep function redirects the cutting path from the handle
  • Foldable angled handle improves visibility and storage
  • 16 inch pneumatic tires steady it on uneven ground
  • 12 inch below-ground depth
Cons
  • 296.5 pounds is among the heaviest machines here
  • No owner reviews yet to validate the feature set
Check Price →
We earn a commission, at no additional cost to you. CERTAIN CONTENT THAT APPEARS ON THIS SITE COMES FROM AMAZON. THIS CONTENT IS PROVIDED 'AS IS' AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE OR REMOVAL AT ANY TIME.

The sweep function is the idea worth paying attention to. Instead of walking the entire machine around a stump to change the angle of attack, the operator redirects the cutter head path from the handle while standing still. On a wide stump with a wide root flare, that removes the shuffling, back-and-forth movement that wears people out fastest.

It pairs with an angled, height-adjustable, foldable handle, which is a real quality-of-life improvement on a machine that stands 43.5 inch tall. Being able to see over the wheel while the handle folds down for storage makes this easier to live with than its 296.5 pound weight suggests.

Cutting reach is generous: 16 inch above ground and 12 inch below ground, driven by a 420cc 15HP four-stroke engine with electric start and 8 premium tungsten carbide hammer-style teeth with flippable edges.

Where the Sweep Function Earns Its Keep

Grinding technique on a wide stump is a series of arcs. You cut across the face, back off, reset the machine, and cut again. On a machine without steering assistance, each angle change means lifting and repositioning 200-plus pounds of steel and engine, which is where people tire out and where the handlebar back complaints start.

The 16 inch pneumatic tires help here too. Pneumatic tires at that diameter roll over divots, roots and uneven lawn rather than bouncing the whole wheel over them, and a stable wheel is a wheel that keeps the same cutting angle.

Who Should Look Past This One

No owners have posted reviews for this listing yet, so the sweep function, the foldable handle and the electric start are manufacturer-described rather than proven in the field. That is not disqualifying, but it does mean you are an early adopter of the feature set.

At 296.5 pounds it is also one of the heavier machines here, so it does not solve a solo-operator transport problem. If weight is the deciding factor, the SuperHandy 15HP pneumatic towable at 189.6 pounds is the same engine family at a much easier load weight.

Check Latest Price on AmazonWe earn a commission, at no additional cost to you. CERTAIN CONTENT THAT APPEARS ON THIS SITE COMES FROM AMAZON. THIS CONTENT IS PROVIDED 'AS IS' AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE OR REMOVAL AT ANY TIME.

5. BILT HARD 24 inch 15HP Electric Start – Tall Stumps and a 45 Degree Swing

Specs
420cc 15HP with electric start
24 inch cutting height
9.3 inch cutting depth
45 degree swinging chassis
Pros
  • Electric start on a 420cc engine
  • 24 inch above-ground cutting height
  • 45 degree swing plus dual wheel brakes
  • Foot-operated support leg and integrated tow bar
  • Heat-treated alloy steel teeth
Cons
  • Nine teeth against 12 on the MechMaxx units
  • No owner reviews yet to confirm build quality
Check Price →
We earn a commission, at no additional cost to you. CERTAIN CONTENT THAT APPEARS ON THIS SITE COMES FROM AMAZON. THIS CONTENT IS PROVIDED 'AS IS' AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE OR REMOVAL AT ANY TIME.

A 24 inch above-ground cutting height is the tallest cut in this roundup, and that is the number that matters if you have not yet taken the tree down. A freshly cut trunk left a couple of feet above grade is a different job from a stump already flush with the lawn, and a tall-cutting machine turns a two-visit project into one.

The 45 degree swinging chassis is a little narrower than the 65 degree swing on the MechMaxx machines, but it is still enough coverage to work a wide stump without walking the machine around the perimeter. The cutting depth of 9.3 inch below ground is enough to get under the root flare, which is where the trip hazard and the regrowth risk both live.

The safety package here is genuinely good. An operator-activated safety press bar, dual wheel brakes, a foot-operated support leg and an integrated tow bar cover the four things that cause a grinder to move without you.

Why the Electric Start Matters More on a 420cc

The 420cc four-stroke OHV engine is rated 15HP here and comes with electric start. That combination is the ergonomic sweet spot in this category: enough torque to keep the wheel loaded in hardwood, and no pull cord to wrestle.

The tradeoff is again the electric hardware. A battery, a starter, a key switch and a harness are four more components that can arrive faulty, and a starter that is fine in June can be the reason a machine will not fire in September.

Buyer Fit and the Nine Tooth Question

Nine replaceable heat-treated alloy steel teeth is a step below the 12 carbide teeth on the MechMaxx machines, and it is the main reason this is not our top pick. Fewer teeth means more load per tooth and more frequent tooth replacement on a big root ball.

It still suits a homeowner with a handful of tall trunks on a flat suburban lot who values the 24 inch reach and the electric start. There are no owner reviews on this listing, so the 420cc electric-start spec and the cutting height are what the assessment rests on.

Check Latest Price on AmazonWe earn a commission, at no additional cost to you. CERTAIN CONTENT THAT APPEARS ON THIS SITE COMES FROM AMAZON. THIS CONTENT IS PROVIDED 'AS IS' AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE OR REMOVAL AT ANY TIME.

6. SuperHandy 15HP Pneumatic Tire Towable – The Lightest 15HP Machine Here

Specs
420cc 15HP recoil start
14 inch height, 12 inch depth
8 tungsten teeth
189.6 pounds
Pros
  • 189.6 pounds makes it the easiest 15HP machine to move
  • 13 inch pneumatic tires cross lawn and gravel
  • 12 inch below-ground depth among the deepest
  • Flip-style tungsten teeth extend tooth life
  • Tow bar for ATV or UTV transport
Cons
  • Recoil start only on this variant
  • No customer reviews yet to validate hardwood claims
Check Price →
We earn a commission, at no additional cost to you. CERTAIN CONTENT THAT APPEARS ON THIS SITE COMES FROM AMAZON. THIS CONTENT IS PROVIDED 'AS IS' AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE OR REMOVAL AT ANY TIME.

This is the transport answer. At 189.6 pounds it is the only 15HP machine in the roundup that a single person can realistically load, unload, and reposition on soft ground without planning a ramp or recruiting help. Every other 420cc unit here lands between 220 and 303 pounds.

The 13 inch pneumatic tires are the second reason. Wheel diameter matters more than most buyers think on rough ground, and 13 inch pneumatics roll over divots and gravel instead of skipping the machine off every root and letting the cutting angle wander.

Dimensions of 63 inch L by 28.99 inch W by 47.5 inch H also make it the most compact machine in the list, which matters if your access is a side gate rather than an open driveway.

8 Hammer-Style Tungsten Teeth With Flippable Edges

The 8 teeth are hammer-style tungsten carbide, and the key detail is that they flip. A worn tooth is rotated to a fresh edge rather than replaced, which roughly doubles the working life of a set for very little extra effort. On a machine you might use twice a year, fewer tooth changes over the life of the machine is a real saving.

14 inch above ground and 12 inch below ground is a strong reach for a 189.6 pound package. The 12 inch depth is tied for the deepest here, which is unusual for a machine that light.

What You Give Up for the Lower Weight

This is a recoil start. On a 15HP engine, that is a two-hand pull with a tip-out posture, and it is the single most common reason older or less able operators abandon a walk-behind grinder in the shed. If electric start is a requirement rather than a preference, this is not the machine.

There are no customer reviews on this listing, so the tire and depth claims rest on the manufacturer description. Buyers who want a proven engine name and a documented warranty should look at the Briggs and Stratton powered machines further down instead.

Check Latest Price on AmazonWe earn a commission, at no additional cost to you. CERTAIN CONTENT THAT APPEARS ON THIS SITE COMES FROM AMAZON. THIS CONTENT IS PROVIDED 'AS IS' AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE OR REMOVAL AT ANY TIME.

7. DigMaster 15HP with 12 Inch Pneumatic Wheels – Built for Narrow Access

Specs
420cc 15HP 4-stroke
20.25 inch height, 9 inch depth
9 carbide teeth
275.6 pounds
Pros
  • Nine tungsten carbide-tipped teeth for hardwood and roots
  • 12 inch pneumatic wheels fit narrow gates and paths
  • Dual braking system plus emergency stop lever
  • Multi-position handlebar suits different operator heights
Cons
  • 275.6 pounds is heavy for a walk-behind unit
  • No customer reviews yet to confirm the tooth count in use
Check Price →
We earn a commission, at no additional cost to you. CERTAIN CONTENT THAT APPEARS ON THIS SITE COMES FROM AMAZON. THIS CONTENT IS PROVIDED 'AS IS' AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE OR REMOVAL AT ANY TIME.

This machine is built around a specific problem: getting a stump grinder through a 36 inch gate and down a narrow side yard. The 12 inch pneumatic wheels and a compact walk-behind footprint solve that better than the 16 inch tire machines, and the multi-position handlebar lets a shorter operator set the controls where their hands actually land.

The safety hardware is the most complete on a non-electrical machine here. A dual braking system with both a manual wheel brake and a drum brake, plus an integrated emergency stop lever, means you have a way to stop the machine with the wheel turning and a way to stop the machine itself.

Cutting reach of 20.25 inch above ground and 9 inch below ground on a 12 inch wheel with 9 tungsten carbide-tipped teeth puts it in the middle of this group on capability.

Dual Braking on a Machine You Push Uphill

Owners of walk-behind grinders on sloped lots report machines walking downhill and brakes failing to hold. Dual braking is the direct answer to that. A drum brake handles sustained holding on a slope, while the manual lever handles quick stops during repositioning between passes.

The emergency stop lever is a separate kill from the handle controls, which is what you want when your hands are wet or wearing gloves and you need to shut the wheel down immediately.

Where It Sits Against the Field

At 275.6 pounds it is heavy for a walk-behind, so the access advantage is somewhat offset by the loading problem. The 9 inch below-ground depth is shallower than the 12 inch machines, so it needs a second pass to get the same root removal.

There are no customer reviews on this listing. The case for it rests on the tooth count and the braking system, both of which are genuine differentiators for someone clearing a tight side yard.

Check Latest Price on AmazonWe earn a commission, at no additional cost to you. CERTAIN CONTENT THAT APPEARS ON THIS SITE COMES FROM AMAZON. THIS CONTENT IS PROVIDED 'AS IS' AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE OR REMOVAL AT ANY TIME.

8. Titan Attachments 13.5HP Briggs and Stratton XR – Teeth That Rotate Twice

Specs
Briggs and Stratton XR 420cc
8 teeth rotatable twice
12 inch depth, 15 inch above
220 pounds
Pros
  • Briggs and Stratton XR engine is widely serviced
  • Teeth rotate twice before replacement
  • One side wheel lock improves pivoting control
  • Compact build for tight backyards and fence lines
  • Emergency shut-off button
Cons
  • Manual recoil start rather than electric start
  • 12 inch below-ground depth measured against deeper units
  • No customer reviews yet
Check Price →
We earn a commission, at no additional cost to you. CERTAIN CONTENT THAT APPEARS ON THIS SITE COMES FROM AMAZON. THIS CONTENT IS PROVIDED 'AS IS' AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE OR REMOVAL AT ANY TIME.

The rotatable tooth design is the cleverest engineering idea in this roundup. The 8 tungsten carbide-tipped cutting teeth can be rotated two times before they need replacing, which effectively triples the working life of a set for the price of one and a bit. On a homeowner machine used intermittently, that means the tooth set you buy on day one lasts through a realistic number of projects.

The Briggs and Stratton XR 420cc engine rated 13.5HP is another serviceability win. It is one of the most widely supported small engines in North America, and unlike the DUCAR, you can find a service shop that will work on it without an argument.

At 220 pounds it is one of the lighter 15-class machines here, and the compact build is aimed squarely at backyards and fence lines rather than open acreage.

One Side Wheel Lock and Why It Changes Grinding Technique

Locking one wheel lets the machine pivot around the other on a fixed arc, so the cutter swings across the face of the stump like a compass rather than being repositioned in straight lines. On a round stump that is the correct way to work, and it reduces the number of awkward lifts.

It pairs well with the emergency shut-off button. A kill button near the operator is faster than reaching for a handlebar lever when something goes wrong mid-pass.

The Recoil Trade-Off and the Depth Gap

Manual recoil start is the compromise that keeps this machine light and affordable. It is the same pull-cord problem as the other recoil machines here, and for an older operator it is a genuine drawback.

Below-ground depth of 12 inch sits mid-pack here, and the 15 inch above-ground height is the shortest of the 15HP units, so it suits already-felled stumps better than tall standing trunks. With no owner reviews published, the value case rests on the Briggs and Stratton engine and the rotatable teeth, which is still a sound basis for a purchase.

Check Latest Price on AmazonWe earn a commission, at no additional cost to you. CERTAIN CONTENT THAT APPEARS ON THIS SITE COMES FROM AMAZON. THIS CONTENT IS PROVIDED 'AS IS' AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE OR REMOVAL AT ANY TIME.

9. MCP-Distributions XR2100 13.5HP – The Thickest Cutting Wheel at 3.55 Inch

13.5HP Gas Powered Walk Behind Stump Grinder Wood Cutter XR2100 420CC Engine and 9 Teeth
BEST THICK CUTTING WHEEL

13.5HP Gas Powered Walk Behind Stump Grinder Wood Cutter XR2100 420CC Engine and 9 Teeth

0.0
★★★★★★★★★★
Specs
Briggs and Stratton XR2100
3.55 inch thick wheel
20.25 inch height, 9 inch depth
13 inch tires, twin V-belts
Pros
  • 3.55 inch thick cutting wheel resists deflection
  • Upgraded twin V-belts and drum brake
  • Includes eye and hearing protection plus tools
  • Briggs and Stratton XR2100 is serviceable
Cons
  • Recoil start only
  • 9 inch below-ground depth is modest
  • Factory-sealed packaging means full assembly before first use
Check Price →
We earn a commission, at no additional cost to you. CERTAIN CONTENT THAT APPEARS ON THIS SITE COMES FROM AMAZON. THIS CONTENT IS PROVIDED 'AS IS' AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE OR REMOVAL AT ANY TIME.

Wheel thickness is an underrated spec, and this machine wins it outright at 3.55 inch on a 12 inch wheel. A thick wheel deflects less when it hits a stone buried in the soil, and deflection is what bends teeth, throws the belt out of alignment, and turns a clean grinding pass into a frustrating one. If your stumps sit in old ground with rocks in them, this is the machine that will shrug it off.

The rest of the drivetrain is built for durability too. Upgraded twin V-belts spread the load and reduce the chance of one belt failing mid-job, and an upgraded drum braking system handles holding the machine on a slope.

It is also the only machine in this roundup that ships with eye and hearing protection plus maintenance and assembly tools in the box, which matters when you are assembling a crated machine on a driveway.

What Factory-Sealed Packaging Actually Means

One thing owners should plan for: this arrives in factory-sealed packaging and needs full assembly before first use. That is not unusual for this category, but it means the delivery day is a build day, not a grinding day.

Budget the time, assemble it on a level surface with the manual and a basic socket set, and check belt tension and bolt torque before the first start. Owners of several machines in this roundup reported loose bolts and misrouted wiring arriving from the factory, so a torque pass is never wasted.

Buyer Fit

Cuts 20.25 inch tall and 9 inch below ground on 9 teeth, so it handles tall trunks and modest root removal. At 220 pounds it is manageable for two people. The 1 year warranty is the shortest protection here, which is worth weighing against the Briggs and Stratton engine being easy to service.

The dimensions of 42 inch W by 51 inch D by 72 inch H and a crated weight of 300 pounds mean the shipping crate is the real lifting problem, not the machine.

Check Latest Price on AmazonWe earn a commission, at no additional cost to you. CERTAIN CONTENT THAT APPEARS ON THIS SITE COMES FROM AMAZON. THIS CONTENT IS PROVIDED 'AS IS' AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE OR REMOVAL AT ANY TIME.

10. BILT HARD 20 inch 7HP 212cc – Lightest Engine for Small Stumps

Specs
212cc 7HP 4-stroke
10 inch wheel, 6 alloy teeth
20 inch height, 7.3 inch depth
Wheel brake system
Pros
  • Smallest and lightest engine platform in the group
  • Compact build suits residential properties
  • Wheel brake system with easy-access stop control
  • Large tubeless tires need no tire pressure checks
Cons
  • Only 6 alloy teeth against 8 to 12 on comparable machines
  • 7.3 inch cutting depth is the shallowest here
  • No owner reviews yet to validate durability
Check Price →
We earn a commission, at no additional cost to you. CERTAIN CONTENT THAT APPEARS ON THIS SITE COMES FROM AMAZON. THIS CONTENT IS PROVIDED 'AS IS' AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE OR REMOVAL AT ANY TIME.

The 212cc 7HP four-stroke engine is the smallest powerplant in this roundup, and that is the whole point of this machine. It handles small stumps on a suburban lot without the storage problem, the loading problem and the purchase commitment that a 15HP machine represents. For someone removing three or four small stumps this year and four more next year, it does the job.

Wheel speed of 3600 rpm is respectable, and the 20 inch above-ground cutting height means it will take a freshly cut trunk down in one session even though the engine is small.

The wheel brake system with an easy-access stop control is the safety feature to note. You need to be able to stop the machine and the wheel without walking around to the far side.

Why 6 Teeth Is the Limiting Factor

Six alloy teeth is fewer than half what the 420cc machines carry. Fewer teeth means each tooth takes a bigger share of the cut, and with 6 alloy rather than 12 carbide tips, wear rate on hardwood goes up noticeably.

Cut depth of 7.3 inch below grade is the shallowest here, which limits you to shaving the stump below grade without chasing the main root system. If regrowth prevention is part of your goal, that shallower reach matters.

Who This Is For and Who Should Skip It

Skip it if you have a single large oak or a hickory stump. Reviewers of entry-level machines in this class consistently describe them as slow, and a small engine paired with few teeth is the combination that produces that result.

Buy it if you are a homeowner with softwood stumps under about 12 inches across on flat ground, and you would rather own something you can move yourself than plan a ramp for a 300 pound machine. There are no owner reviews on this listing, so the assessment rests on the published specification.

Check Latest Price on AmazonWe earn a commission, at no additional cost to you. CERTAIN CONTENT THAT APPEARS ON THIS SITE COMES FROM AMAZON. THIS CONTENT IS PROVIDED 'AS IS' AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE OR REMOVAL AT ANY TIME.

How to Choose a Stump Grinder: Configurations, Power and Tooth Type

Walk-Behind, Tow-Behind or PTO: Which Configuration Fits Your Yard

All ten machines in this roundup are walk-behind units with their own engines, because that is what the homeowner market actually buys. Two of them add a tow bar so an ATV or UTV can move them across a property faster than pushing 200-plus pounds does. A third category, the PTO attachment, hangs off a tractor’s three-point hitch and takes its power from the tractor, so there is no second engine to maintain.

The PTO route only makes sense if you already own a tractor with a working PTO and at least a sub-compact class engine. Tractor owners in homeowner forums describe the seated operation as the decisive advantage, with far less back strain than walking behind a gas machine. If you do not already have a tractor, buying one to run a stump grinder is a poor trade, which is the point homeowners without tractors keep making in those same discussions.

For everyone else, walk-behind is the answer. Choose a tow bar if your property is larger than a single yard and the distance between stumps is more than a few steps.

Gas or Electric for Home Use

Every machine in this roundup is gas powered, and that is not a coincidence. A battery or corded electric stump grinder produces enough torque to clear a small pine stump, but it is not competitive with a 420cc gas engine on a hardwood root ball, and the runtime story gets worse as the job gets longer. Grinders are a low-hours, high-torque tool, which is the opposite of what batteries do well.

Gas gives you a full afternoon of work on one tank, a serviceable engine you can fix, and no cord or outlet to plan around. The costs are recoil starting, noise, and exhaust. If you live in a subdivision with a noise ordinance, check the operating time before you buy rather than after.

For indoor-adjacent suburban lots, run gas machines at midday rather than early evening. A grinder is loud enough that [battery-powered tool comparisons](https://thegoodatheist.net/ryobi-vs-dewalt-for-homeowners/) are the wrong reference, and neighbor relations are.

Matching Horsepower to Stump Diameter and Wood Species

Here is the mapping that no competitor publishes. Softwood stumps like pine and cedar are soft, resinous, and cut quickly. Maple and birch sit in the middle. Oak and hickory are hardwood with dense heartwood, and ash is dense and stringy, which makes it notorious for pulling teeth and binding the wheel.

Under 10 inches of softwood, an entry 7HP machine is adequate. Pine and cedar up to 16 inches, or any stump under 12 inches of hardwood, wants 13.5HP to 15HP. Oak, hickory or ash over 16 inches wants 15HP with 9 or more carbide teeth, and a below-grade depth of 10 inches or more to get under the root plate. Dense hardwood stumps are where the tooth count and the tooth material separate a good afternoon from a frustrating one.

Species also affects regrowth risk. Willow, poplar and some oaks send up new shoots from lateral roots well outside the grinding zone, which is a biological fact that no amount of horsepower changes.

Cutting Height, Cutting Depth and Cutting Width Are Different Numbers

These three specs get conflated constantly, and confusing them leads to buying a machine that cannot do the job.

Cutting height is how far above ground the machine can reach. A 24 inch height handles a trunk left tall by a tree service. Cutting depth is how far below grade the wheel can go, and 9 to 12 inches is what gets you under the root flare and removes the trip hazard permanently. Cutting width is how wide a band the wheel removes per pass, and wider is faster.

All three matter. If your stumps are already flush, height barely matters and depth is everything. If your trunks are standing tall, height is the first filter.

Carbide, Tungsten Carbide and Alloy Teeth Explained

Plain steel teeth melt and crumble on contact with soil. Alloy teeth, including the YG11C style used on many of these machines, are a step up and will outlast steel considerably on softwood. Carbide and tungsten carbide tips are the durable option, and they are what you want for anything hardwood or any stump in rocky ground.

Tooth count matters as much as material. Twelve teeth share the cut more evenly than six, wear slower, and tolerate a buried rock better. Tooth geometry also matters: flip-style teeth rotate to a fresh edge, and rotatable teeth like those on the Titan Attachments machine can be turned twice before replacement, which effectively multiplies tooth life.

A practical rule: buy carbide teeth, carry a spare set, and inspect them after every job. Teeth are the cheapest part on the machine and the most common reason a grinding session ends early.

Safety Gear, Wheel Brakes and the 811 Call

Before anything else, call 811 before you grind. Stumps are frequently connected to irrigation lines, electrical feeds and drainage that nobody remembers. Marking those lines takes a phone call and a day of waiting, and it is far cheaper than hitting a line. Only one competitor mentions this at all, and it deserves more attention than that.

For personal protection, expect to wear eye protection, hearing protection, gloves, sturdy boots and long trousers. Flying chips at 3600 rpm cause most grinder injuries, and they come off the wheel in every direction regardless of the guard.

On the machine itself, look for an operator presence bar or kill switch that stops the wheel when you let go, wheel brakes that hold the machine on a slope, and a cutting guard that shields the wheel from your hands. The BILT HARD 24 inch and the DigMaster both cover this well with safety press bars and dual braking.

And never work alone on a steep slope. A grinder that walks downhill is a 250 pound machine coming with you, and wheel brakes are not a guarantee.

The Solo Operator Weight Rule

Forum users treat weight as the deciding factor between machines, and they are right. The working threshold is simple: under about 150 pounds is a one-person load, over 250 pounds is a two-person job or needs a ramp.

By that rule, the SuperHandy 15HP pneumatic towable at 189.6 pounds and the two Briggs and Stratton machines at 220 pounds are the realistic solo-and-one-helper options. Everything from 275 pounds up, including three machines in this roundup, is a two-person load.

Measure your route before you buy. A 300 pound machine behind a gate you cannot get through is useless, and a machine you cannot lift into a truck without help will be rented instead.

Rent or Buy: Where the Break-Even Sits

Renting wins on a single stump, and there is no contest. Forum users overwhelmingly recommend renting first as a trial, and many report renting several times before buying. Rental day rates typically run in the low hundreds, and professional grinding service is commonly quoted in the range of 75 to 400 per stump depending on access and stump size.

The catch with renting is quality. Forum owners report rental units arriving with worn teeth, underpowered engines relative to the job, and the same chip pile left behind as any other grinder. One weekend rental covered three of six stumps for a user who ended up with a sore back and unfinished work.

Break-even is roughly a handful of stumps per year across more than a year or two of use. If you have a recurring backlog, buying wins. If you have one stump, renting or hiring wins on every measure. If you have an acreage full of pine stumps in a row, a PTO attachment or a self-propelled machine is the only configuration that makes the time work.

Add a maintenance line to your ownership math. Belts, teeth, spark plugs, grease and an occasional rebuild add up to a running cost each year that a rental contract simply does not carry.

For a sense of how the power and weight trade-offs work in other tool categories, our [burr coffee grinder comparison](https://thegoodatheist.net/best-burr-coffee-grinders/) covers the same kind of motor-versus-manual decision from a different angle.

Aftercare: Backfilling the Hole, Replanting and Stopping Regrowth

The chip pile is the part nobody warns you about. Homeowners in homeowner forums describe a foot deep pile of chips and dirt after grinding a handful of stumps, and it is the most common unexpected consequence of the whole job. Plan for it before you start: a chip pile the size of a small wheelbarrow per stump, and it goes nowhere on its own.

Backfill after grinding by raking chips back into the hole, then adding a few inches of quality topsoil. Fill to slightly above grade so the settle does not leave a dish, because a dish holds water and kills seed. Compact lightly with a riding mower or by walking it, which helps the soil bind.

For sod, lay it over the filled hole and water it in for a week. For seed, a good topsoil layer over compacted fill germinates well, and watering matters more than fertilizer in the first month. Gradual rebuild, where you only fill a few inches below grade each season, is a slower option but the only one that works well on clay-heavy soil.

Regrowth is real for some species. Arborists confirm that willow, poplar and certain oaks send up new shoots from lateral roots outside the grinding zone, which means grinding alone does not stop them. If regrowth appears, treat the fresh shoots at the root zone while they are actively growing, and keep mowing or cutting them back so the plant cannot build enough leaf area to feed itself. Sugar, applied heavily to the chips in the hole, speeds decomposition of the remaining root mass.

The best timing for a grinding project is late winter or early spring. The ground is firm rather than saturated, the tree has not leafed out, and any regrowth you do get is easier to spot and treat before it becomes a canopy problem.

Like we do with any high-power tool, keep the safety rules consistent no matter which category it falls into, the same way we cover in our [electric dog nail grinder safety guide](https://thegoodatheist.net/best-electric-dog-nail-grinders/).

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the best stump grinder for homeowners?

The best stump grinder for homeowners is the DK2 OPG888E for its 4 inch wide carbide cut and 3 year commercial engine warranty, or the MechMaxx SG380 for electric start and a 10 inch cutting depth. Most suburban lots are served well by either. Owners with only one small stump should rent instead of buying.

What size stump grinder do I need?

Size the machine to stump diameter and wood species, not to yard size. A 7HP engine handles softwood stumps under 10 inches. 13.5HP to 15HP handles softwood up to 16 inches or hardwood under 12 inches. Oak, hickory or ash over 16 inches needs 15HP with 9 or more carbide teeth and at least 10 inches of below-grade cutting depth.

Is a gas-powered or electric stump grinder better?

Gas is better for almost every homeowner. A gas engine gives a full afternoon of work on one tank, more torque on a hardwood root ball, and a serviceable engine. Electric and battery grinders can handle small softwood stumps, but runtime and torque both fall as the job gets longer. Every machine in our roundup is gas powered for that reason.

Can I rent a stump grinder instead of buying one?

Yes, and most experienced owners recommend it. Renting makes financial sense for a single stump or a one-time project, and day rates run in the low hundreds. The trade-offs are worn rental teeth, underpowered engines, and a debris pile you still have to deal with. Buy once you have a recurring backlog of several stumps a year across more than one season.

Will a tree grow back if I grind its stump?

Sometimes. Willow, poplar and certain oaks send up new shoots from lateral roots well outside the grinding zone, and no cutting depth prevents that. Treat fresh shoots at the root zone while they are actively growing, and keep cutting them back so the plant cannot build enough leaf area to survive. Sugar applied to the chips speeds decay of the remaining root mass.

What are the hardest stumps to grind?

Dense hardwoods are hardest, with hickory and ash the most difficult because the wood is dense and stringy and pulls teeth. Large oak stumps with wide root flares come next. Plan on longer passes, more teeth, and slower travel. Grind during dry conditions, keep the wheel moving, and expect a large oak to take far longer than its diameter suggests.

How deep do stump grinders cut?

Most homeowner walk-behind grinders cut 7 to 12 inches below ground level, and this roundup covers that full range. Depth below about 9 inches gets you under the root flare and removes the trip hazard properly. The BILT HARD 7HP unit is the shallowest at 7.3 inch, while several 15HP machines reach 10 to 12 inches.

What safety gear do I need for stump grinding?

Call 811 before you dig so irrigation, electrical and drainage lines are marked. Wear eye protection, hearing protection, gloves, sturdy boots and long trousers, because chips leave the wheel in every direction at high speed. On the machine, look for an operator presence bar that stops the wheel when released, wheel brakes for slopes, and a cutting guard over the wheel.

Final Verdict: Which Stump Grinder Should You Buy

If you want the widest cut and the best warranty in this group, buy the DK2 OPG888E and budget a full afternoon for assembly and an electrical check. If you want electric start, the deepest combined height and depth reach, and a 65 degree swing for wide stumps, the MechMaxx SG380 in either engine version is the pick, and the DUCAR variant costs less for the same cutting hardware.

If you work alone, the SuperHandy 15HP pneumatic towable at 189.6 pounds is the one you can actually move. If your stumps are small softwood in a suburban yard, the BILT HARD 7HP is enough and nothing more. If dense oak or ash is the problem, skip the entry machines entirely and go straight to 15HP with 9 or more carbide teeth.

For ten stumps spread over years, renting is the cheaper answer and the smarter lesson. For a recurring backlog, pick from the best stump grinders for homeowners above, plan the chip pile, and call 811 before the wheel touches dirt. Those are the decisions that make the difference between an afternoon that goes well and one that does not.

    Leave a Reply

    Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

    Subscribe to our newsletter
    The latest news, articles, and resources, sent to your inbox weekly.
    © 2025 The Good Atheist. All rights reserved.